পৌরনীতি ও নাগরিকতা ১ম পত্র এসাইনমেন্ট এসএসসি

                     

†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv 

†cŠibxwZ nj bvMwiKZv m¤úwK©Z weÁvb| AvaywbKKv‡j iv‡óªi bvMwiK nIqv cÖ‡Z¨K Awaevmxi Rb¨ Acwinvh© Ges gh©v`vi| bvMwiK wn‡m‡e iv‡óªi m‡½ AwaKvi I KZ©‡e¨i GKwU m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| †cŠibxwZ g~jZ ivóª I bvMwiK m¤úwK©Z Ávb| bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq, RvZxq, AvšÍR©vwZK, AZxZ, eZ©gvb, fwel¨Z m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvwPZ nq| †cŠibxwZ cv‡V bvMwi‡Kiv Zv‡`i AwaKvi I KZ©e¨, ivRbxwZ m‡PZb nq| cwic~Y© Rxeb MVb Z¡ivwš^Z nq| ZvB iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv cvV AZ¨šÍ Riæwi|

†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv `ywU cÖZ¨‡qi mgwó| wKš‘ welqe¯‘ GKB| †cŠibxwZ k‡ãi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Civics| Civics kãwU G‡m‡Q j¨vwUb kã Civis . Civitas †_‡K| Civis A_© nj bvMwiK (Citizen) Ges Civitas A_© nj bMi ivóª| A_©vr Civics gv‡b †m kv¯¿ hv bMiivóª ev iv‡óª emevmKvix bvMwiK‡`i wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡q iv‡óªi Av‡jvPbvq bvMwiK AviI †ewk cÖvavb¨ †`qv n‡q‡Q| †cŠibxwZ kv‡¯¿ hvÎv ïiæ g~jZ cÖvPxb MÖx‡m| cÖvPxb MÖx‡m bvMwiK I bMiivóª ci¯úi Awe‡”Q`¨ wQj| ZrKvjxb MÖx‡mi mKj RbmvaviY bvMwiK wQ‡jb bv| †Kej hviv iv‡óªi kvmbKv‡h© Ask wb‡Zb ZvivB bvMwiKZ¡ jvf K‡ib| ZvB Civics bvgK welqwU wQj †Kej ivóª I bvMwiK m¤úwK©Z Áv‡bi mgwó| bMiiv‡óªi mv‡_ bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK©, Kvh©vewj, bvMwi‡Ki my‡hvM-myweav BZ¨vw`B Av‡jvwPZ nZ|

 Gd AvB MøvDW e‡jb Ò†h mKj Af¨vm, cÖwZôvb, Af¨vm, Kvh©vewj I †PZbvi Øviv gvbyl ivóªxq ev ivR‰bwZK mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ cvjb K‡i Ges AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvi Aa¨qbB †cŠibxwZ| Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv †_‡K †cŠibxwZ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv ¯úó| wKš‘ GB †cŠibxwZ hLb bvMwi‡Ki Rxe‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z welq¸‡jv‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i ZLbB Zv †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv (Civics & Citizenship)|

  mbvZb Áv‡bi mv‡_ bvMwiK Rxe‡bi AvaywbK wPšÍv †PZbv, Kg©m~wP I wewfbœ cÖwZôv‡bi wfbœag©x m¤úK©¸‡jv GK‡Î Av‡jvPbvB Gi D‡Ïk¨| AvaywbKKv‡j ivóª I bvMwi‡Ki m¤ú‡K© A‡bK cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| eZ©gvb iv󪸇jv AvqZ‡b †hgb e„nr †Zgwb RbmsL¨vI †ewk| †hgb evsjv‡`‡ki AvqZb 147570 eM©wK‡jvwgUvi I RbmsL¨v 16 †KvwUi †ewk| Zviv mevB evsjv‡`‡ki bvMwiK| cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi gZ GLb †Kvb †`‡kB mKj bvMwi‡Ki c‡ÿ kvmbKv‡h© Ask †bqv ev my‡hvM †`qv cÖvq Am¤¢e| ZvB kvmb cÖwµqvq AskMÖn‡Yi ai‡Y A‡bK cwieZ©b n‡q‡Q| hy³ n‡q‡Q bvbv ai‡bi wewaweavb| eZ©gv‡b c„w_exi AwaKvsk iv‡óªB wbw`©ó eq‡mi (18 eQi) c~‡e© kvmbKv‡h© Ask wb‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ mKj eq‡mi bvMwiKMY ivóª cÖ`Ë my‡hvM-myweav †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr bvMwiKMY iv‡óªi ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| bvMwiK‡`i‡K ivóª cÖ`Ë GB gh©v`vi welqwUB nj bvMwiKZv| eZ©gv‡b c„w_ex‡Z †hgb- wdbj¨vÛ, myB‡Wb A‡bK¸‡jv †NvwlZ Kj¨vYg~jK ivóª i‡q‡Q| †mme iv‡óªi †K›`ªwe›`y nj bvMwiK| g~jZ iv‡óªi †K›`ªwe›`ybvMwi‡Ki Ae¯’vb wbwðZ KivB †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq cv‡Vi ga¨ w`‡q bvMwiKMY mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e ˆZwi nq, bvMwiK †PZbv, myKzgvi g‡be„wËi weKvk, AwaKvi I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb nq hv my¯’ I my›`i Rxeb Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| we‡kl K‡i AbybœZ I Dbœqbkxj ivóª¸wj‡Z †hLv‡b bvMwi‡Kiv wewfbœfv‡e Ae‡nwjZ †m me †`‡k wKfv‡e bvMwiK‡`i AviI Ask MÖnYg~jK Kiv hvq Zvi Rb¨ †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq Riæwi| wek¦vq‡bi GB hy‡M cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvMwi‡Ki Kg©KvÛB iv‡óªi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡cyY©| fvj KvR Ki‡j Zv AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e †hgb iv‡óªi Rb¨ mybvg e‡q Av‡b †Zgwb g›` KvR Ki‡j iv‡óªi Rb¨ ÿwZKi nq| evsjv‡`k `ªæZ DbœwZi w`‡K avweZ n‡”Q| G MwZi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q bvMwi‡Ki bvMwiK †PZbvI (civics sense) DbœZ nIqv DwPZ| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq Aa¨q‡b GKRb bvMwiK mn‡RB mybvMwi‡Ki ¸bvewj AR©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| wkÿv_©xi KvR †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv‡K wb‡Ri fvlvq msÁvwqZ Kiæb| mvims‡ÿc †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv mvgvwRK weÁv‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU kvLv| hvi DÌvb AvR †_‡K AvovB nvRvi c~‡e© cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi bMi iv‡óª| GwU bvMwiK Rxe‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ Kvh©vewj, Af¨vm, ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb K‡i| iv‡óªi m‡½ bvMwi‡Ki `„p m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi wbwg‡ËB g~jZ †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bvgK Áv‡bi m„wó| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 1.1 eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv 1| Civics kãwUi DrcwË †Kvb fvlvi kã †_‡KÑ (K) divwm (L) Bs‡iwR (M) j¨vwUb (N) wneªæ 2| †cŠibxwZ cÖZ¨qwUi mv‡_ bvMwiKZv hy³ Kivi A_© wK? i) †Kej bvMwiK wel‡q Av‡jvPbv ii) ivóª wb‡q Av‡jvPbv iii) iv‡óªi mv‡_ bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK© †Rvi`vi Kiv wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK K) i L) i I ii M) ii I iii N) iii evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg BDwbU GK c„ôv 3 †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi welqe¯‘ (Content of Civics and Citizenship) D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- § †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bvMwi‡Ki †Kvb& †Kvb& wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i Zv m¤ú‡K© AeMZ n‡eb| gyL¨ kã AwaKvi, KZ©e¨, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cÖwZôvb, ¯’vbxq, RvZxq, AvšÍR©vwZK †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bv‡gi gv‡SB Gi welqe¯‘ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| G wel‡qi †K›`ªwe›`y nj bvMwiK| ev‡óª ev cÖvPxb A‡_© †cŠ‡ii Awaevmxi welqe¯‘B †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvÕi welqe¯‘| wb‡P Gi cwiwa Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj1. bvMwiKZv m¤úwK©Z welq: †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq nj bvMwiK I bvMwi‡Ki Rxe‡bi mv‡_ RwoZ mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK mKj welq| iv‡óªi Av`k© bvMwiK wn‡m‡e emev‡mi Rb¨ bvMwiKZv AR©b, mybvMwi‡Ki ¸bvejx, cÖvc¨ AwaKvi I iv‡óªi cÖwZ KZ©e¨, †`k‡cÖg BZ¨vw` wewfbœ welq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi AšÍf©~³| ‡cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi Ávb jvf K‡i GKRb bvMwiK mybvMwiK n‡q M‡o DV‡Z cv‡i| 2. iv‡óªi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Av‡jvPbv: bvMwiKMY Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK cÖwZôvb m„wó K‡i _v‡K| fwel¨‡Z Avi Kx Kx ai‡bi cÖwZôvb cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i, we`¨gvb cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi cwiPvjbv I Kvh©vewj Ges cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi mv‡_ ivóª I bvMwi‡Ki m¤úK© mewKQy†cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡q ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| 3. bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I Avš‘R©vwZK f~wgKv: iv‡óªi bvMwiK wn‡m‡e ¯’vbxq, RvZxq I Avš‘R©vwZK cwigÛ‡j †Kgb f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e Zv †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq Aa¨qb Ki‡j Rvbv hvq| †hgb ¯’vbxq ch©v‡qi BDwbqb cwil‡` GKRb bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv, RvZxq ch©v‡q RvZxq msm‡` GKRb bvMwi‡Ki f‚wgKv I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q RvwZms‡N f~wgKv m¤ú~Y© Avjv`v| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bvMwi‡Ki G ai‡bi f~wgKv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| 4. bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ, eZ©gvb I fwel¨Z: ‡cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bvMwi‡Ki AZxZ Kg©KvÛ, eZ©gvb `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ Ges fwel¨‡Z f~wgKv †Kgb n‡e Zv wb‡q we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i| AZx‡Zi f~wgKv †_‡K eZ©gv‡b bvMwiKMY cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb jvf K‡i fwel¨Z Kg© cwiKíbv wVK Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z| 5. AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y: wewfbœ iv‡óªi AZxZ †MŠie, ivóª bvq‡Ki f‚wgKv, m‡¤§vnbx †bZ…Z¡ †hgb ¯’vb cvq, †Zgwb †Kvb ivóª †Kb cZb nj ZvI Av‡jvwPZ nq| ivóª cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o| ZvB †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi AvBb, mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, bxwZ-‰bwZKZv, Av`k© BZ¨vw` weg~Z© welq wb‡q Av‡jvPbv _v‡K| †hgb G wel‡q miKvwi-‡emiKvwi AvBb, wewkó e¨w³e‡M©i Rxeb I Kg©, bxwZ Av`k©, †bZ…Z¡I wb‡qI e¨vL¨v _v‡K| Gi d‡j bvMwiKMY evwn¨K I AvwZœK Dfqfv‡eB wbqš¿‡Y _v‡K| Gfv‡e my¯’ I my›`i Rxeb hvcb wbwðZ nq| cvV-1.2 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv BDwbU GK c„ôv 4 Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, †cŠibxwZ, cy‡ii ev bM‡ii Awaevmx‡`i wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Gi mv‡_ RwoZ _v‡K bvMwi‡Ki A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK welq| mbvZbx welq¸‡jv QvovI GLb †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZvq gvbweK wbivcËv, kvwšÍ I msNl©, bvixi ÿgZvqb, kvmb e¨e¯’vq cÖhyw³i cÖ‡qvM †ek ¸iæZ¡mnKv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welqwU‡Z bvMwi‡Ki myKzgvi g‡bve„wËi weKvk I AviI DbœZ Rxeb-hvcb wbwðZ Kivq Zv‡`i cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb m„wói Rb¨B Gi Aa¨qb| wkÿv_©xi KvR GKRb bvMwi‡Ki wbe©vP‡b AskMÖnY msµvšÍ wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv †Kvb wel‡qi †Kvb As‡k Av‡jvwPZ n‡e? mvims‡ÿc †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv, bMi ivóª ev ivóª, bvMwi‡Ki Rxeb me wKQz wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| bvMwi‡Ki gh©v`v, AZxZ eZ©gvb, fwel¨r RvZxq, AvBb mvg¨, ¯^vaxbZv, bxwZ ˆbwZKZv Av`k© BZ¨vw` mKj w`K Gi AšÍf‚©³| cwiwai we¯Í…wZ G welqwU‡K Abb¨ K‡i‡Q| AvaywbK bvMwiK ˆZwii j‡ÿ¨ †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡q AviI bZzb bZzb A‡bK welq †hvM n‡”Q| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2 eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv 1| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv Gi †K›`ª we›`y Kx? K) †cŠi ev bMi (L) ivóª (M) RvwZ msN (N) bvMwiK wb‡Pi DÏxcKwU co–b Ges 2 I 3 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b| Kwig LyeB weÁvbm¤§Z †Q‡j| weÁvb welqK cov‡kvbv I KvRKg© Qvov Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q Zvi †Kvb AvMÖn †bB| wek¦we`¨vj‡q fwZ© nevi ci eÜz‡`i mv‡Z Lyi‡Z †ei n‡q A‡bKUv †emy‡iv n‡q hvq| Ab¨vb¨ eÜyiv A‡bK mgq †`‡ki ivR‰bwZK welq I bvMwiK mgm¨v-myweav wb‡q K_v e‡j| 2| Kwi‡gi †Kvb wel‡qi Áv‡bi Afve i‡q‡Q? K) c`v_©weÁvb (L) MwYZ (M) imvqb (N) †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv 3| †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv wel‡qi Av‡jvPbv njÑ i) bvMwi‡Ki AvPvi-AvPiY ii) bvMwi‡Ki e¨w³MZ welq iii) bvMwi‡Ki ¯’vbxq welq wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK K) i L) i I iii M) i, ii I iii N) †KvbwUB bq evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg BDwbU GK c„ôv 5 cwievi, cwiev‡ii †kÖYxwefvM I Kvh©vewj (Family, Classification of Family and Necessity of Family) D‡Ïk¨ G cvV †k‡l Avcwb- § cwievi Kv‡K e‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| § cwiev‡ii †kÖwY wefvM we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| § cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewj m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| gyL¨ kã Avw` cÖwZôvb, i‡³i eÜb, Aby cwievi, ˆbwZK Av`k©, ag©xq g~j¨‡eva| gvbe mf¨Zvi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I wPišÍb mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb nj cwievi| gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe| wbtm½Zv I GKvwKZ¡ gvby‡li Rb¨ `ywe©ln I cxov`vqK| ZvB gvbyl GKvKx emevm Ki‡Z Pvq bv| ˆeevwnK m¤úK© I i‡³i eÜb nj cwiev‡ii wfwË| e‡qv‡R¨ô I DcvR©bÿg e¨w³B nj cwiev‡ii KZ©v| mvgvwRK ixwZbxwZ Ges ˆbwZK wewa-weavb Øviv cwievi cwiPvwjZ I wbqwš¿Z n‡q _v‡K| G cÖm‡½ mgvRweÁvbx wK¤^j Bqs e‡jb, ÒmgvR ¯^xK…Z cš’vq mšÍvb-mšÍwZi AwaKvix GK ev GKvwaK cyiæl Ges GK ev GKvwaK gwnjvi Øviv MwVZ mvgvwRK ms¯’v‡K cwievi e‡j|Ó mgvRweÁvbx Avi.Gg.g¨vKvBfvi I wm.GBP.†cR e‡jb, ÒmšÍvb-mšÍwZi Rb¥`vb I jvjb-cvj‡bi Rb¨ †hŠb m¤úK© Øviv MwVZ ÿz`ª I ¯’vqx msN nj cwievi|Ó mgvRweÁvbx Gg.Gd.wbgKd e‡jb, cwievi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU msN †hLv‡b mšÍvbvw`mn ev mšÍvbwenxbfv‡e ¯^vgx- ¯¿x GK‡Î emevm K‡i| A_©vr mgvR ¯^xK…Z cš’vq bvix I cyiæl mšÍvb-mšÍwZmn ev Qvov GK‡Î emevm Ki‡j †m msNwU‡K cwievi ejv hvq| cwiev‡ii †kÖwY wefvM cwievi nj Avw` mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| mg‡qi weeZ©‡b cwievi bvbvfv‡e weewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ Dcv`v‡bi wfwˇZ cwiev‡ii †kÖwY wefvM wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv njÑ 1. eskvbyµ‡gi wfwˇZ †kÖwY wefvM: (K) wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi: †h cwiev‡ii mšÍvb wcZvi eskai wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq Ges mšÍv‡bi cwiPq wcZvi cwiP‡qi †cÖwÿ‡Z wba©vwiZ nq †mB cwievi‡K ejv nq wcZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi| G ai‡bi cwiev‡i wcZv ev DcvR©bÿg e‡qv‡R¨ô cyiælB cwiev‡ii KZ©v| (L) gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi: †h cwiev‡ii mšÍvb gv‡qi eskai wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ Ges cwiPq wba©vwiZ nq Zv‡K gvZ…Zvwš¿K cwievi e‡j| G ai‡bi cwiev‡i gvZv ev DcvR©bÿg e‡qv‡R¨ô bvixB cwiev‡ii KZ©x| Avmv‡gi Lvwmqv DcRvwZ‡`i g‡a¨ G ai‡bi cwievi e¨e¯’v jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| 2. weev‡ni wfwˇZ †kÖwY wefvM: cvV-1.3 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq †cŠibxwZ I bvMwiKZv BDwbU GK c„ôv 6 (K) GKcwZ¥K cwievi: †h cwiev‡i ¯^vgxi GKRb ¯¿x Ges ¯¿xiI GKRb ¯^vgx _v‡K †m cwievi‡K GKcwZ¥K cwievi e‡j| (L) eûcwZ¥K cwievi: †h cwiev‡i ¯^vgxi GKvwaK ¯¿x GKmv‡_ _v‡K †m cwievi‡K eûcwZ¥K cwievi e‡j| (M) eûcwZ cwievi : eûcwZ cwievi ej‡Z †mB cwievi e¨e¯’v‡K †evSvq, †hLv‡b GKRb ¯¿x‡jv‡Ki GKvwaK ¯^vgx _v‡K| 3. KvVv‡gvwfwËK †kÖwY wefvM: (K) GKK cwievi : hLb ¯^vgx I ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i Dci wbf©ikxj mšÍvb-mšÍwZiv GK‡Î emevm K‡i ZLb Zv‡K GKK cwievi e‡j| (L) †hŠ_ cwievi : †h cwievi `v`v-`v`x, wcZv-gvZv I bvwZ-bvZwb wb‡q M‡o I‡V †m cwievi‡K †hŠ_ cwievi e‡j| i‡³i m¤ú‡K©i wfwË n‡jv †hŠ_ cwievi| (M) AYy cwievi : AYycwievi nj †m ai‡bi cwievi †hLv‡b GKRb ¯^vgx, GKRb ¯¿x Ges Zv‡`i †QvU †QvU †Q‡j †g‡q _v‡K| AYycwievi nj cwiev‡ii ÿz`ª I me©vaywbK iƒc| cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewj cwievi Ggb GKwU cÖwZôvb hvi gva¨‡g gvbyl Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i _v‡K| mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwiev‡ii ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg| wb‡¤œ cwiev‡ii Kvh©vewj D‡jøL Kiv nj| 1| mšÍvb cÖRbb I cÖwZcvjb : mgv‡R mšÍvb cÖRb‡bi GKgvÎ ¯^xK…Z cÖwZôvb nj cwievi| wkï f‚wgó nIqvi ci Amnvq Ae¯’v †_‡K wkïi ¯^vej¤^x nIqv ch©šÍ †mev I cÖwZcvj‡bi KvR cwievi myôzfv‡e K‡i _v‡K| 2| A_©‰bwZK Kvh©vewj : cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| mKj cwieviB Zvi AšÍf©~³ e¨w³e‡M©i A_©‰bwZK Pvwn`v mva¨gZ c~iY K‡i| 3| mvgvwRKxKiY : cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B wkï mgv‡R cÖPwjZ wbqgvbyewZ©Zv, wewa-e¨e¯’v, ˆbwZK Av`k©, AvPviAvPiY, Av`e-†KZv cÖf…wZi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nq Ges AR©b K‡i| wkïi mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi nv‡Z-Lwo cwiev‡iB n‡q _v‡K| 4| wkÿvg~jK KvR : wkïi cÖv_wgK wkÿv m¤úvw`Z nq cwiev‡iB| cwievi‡K ejv nq ÔcÖv_wgK wkÿv †K›`ªÕ| cwiev‡ii ZË¡veav‡bB wkï wkÿv Rxe‡b cÖ‡ek K‡i| GQvov wkï wkóvPvi, mZZv, b¨vqcivqYZv, cwi®‹vicwi”QbœZv cÖf…wZ ¸Yvewj cwievi †_‡K wkÿvjvf K‡i| 5| gb¯ÍvwË¡K KvR : wkï Zvi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡`i KvQ †_‡K †¯œn- fv‡jvevmv cvq Zv Zvi g‡b Mfxifv‡e †iLvcvZ K‡i| wkïiv eo n‡j ZvivI †¯œn- fv‡jvevmvi AwaKvix nq| ZvB cwievi nj gvbwmK cÖe„wË mva‡bi Abb¨ cÖwZôvb| 6| ag©xq KvR : cwiev‡ii g‡a¨B mšÍvb-mšÍwZ‡`i ag©xq wkÿv m¤úvw`Z n‡q _v‡K| ag©xq ixwZ-bxwZ, g~j¨‡eva, wbqg-Kvbyb, wewa-wb‡la Ges AvPvi-Abyôv‡bi mv‡_ wkïiv cwiev‡i cwiwPZ nq| hv wkïi g‡b ag©xq AbyivM G‡b †`q| 7| AeKvkg~jK KvR ; GK mgq cwieviB wQj AeKvk I wPËwe‡bv`‡bi GKgvÎ †K›`ª| gvbyl mvivw`‡bi KvR †k‡l N‡i wd‡i cwievi-cwiRb‡`i mv‡_ Mí-¸Re, †Ljv-a~jv, Mvb-evRbv BZ¨vw` K‡i Aemi we‡bv`b KiZ| eZ©gv‡b †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, wm‡bgv, bvUK, w_‡qUvi, eB-cÎ BZ¨vw`i gva¨‡g cvwievwiK we‡bv`b Kiv nq| 8| ivR‰bwZK Kvh©vewj : wkïiv cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB `vwqZ¡, wbqg-k„•Ljv cÖf…wZ wkÿv jvf K‡i, hv mšÍvb‡K mybvMwiK wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zv‡j| iv‡óªi m`m¨ wn‡m‡e bvMwi‡Ki AwaKvi, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© mKj Ávb wkïiv cwievi †_‡KB AR©b K‡i| AZGe, ejv hvq, cwievi nj Avw` mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb| cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB GKwU wkï h_v_© Ávb AR©‡bi ga¨ w`‡q cwic~Y© mybvMwiK n‡q D‡V| ZvB G‡ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv Abb¨| evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GmGmwm †cÖvMÖvg BDwbU GK c„ôv 7 wkÿv_©xi KvR cwiev‡ii †kÖwYwefvM eY©bv Kiæb| mvims‡ÿc Avw` Ges wPišÍb mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb wn‡m‡e cwievi ¯^xK…Z| cwiev‡ii wewfbœ †kÖwY wefvM _vK‡jI Kv‡h©i †ÿ‡Î †Zgb cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq bv| cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB wkï weKwkZ nq Ges cwiev‡ii gva¨‡gB wkï cwievi, ivóª I mgv‡Ri cÖwZ KZ©e¨ wk‡L †bq| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ e„nËi mgvR Rxeb I e¨w³ Rxe‡bi †ÿ‡Î cwiev‡ii f‚wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3 eûwbe©vPbx Afxÿv 1| wb‡Pi †KvbwU Avw` mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb? K) mgvR L) cwievi M) †MvÎ N) DcRvwZ 2| cwiev‡ii wfwË njÑ K) †¯œn-fvjevmv L) Nwbô †gjv‡gkv M) i‡³i m¤úK© I weevn N) †cÖg-fvjevmv 3| gvbyl m„wó K‡i‡QÑ i) mgvR ii) ivóª iii) †mŠi RMr wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK? K) i L) ii M) iii N) i I ii 4| wcZv-gvZvi †¯œn-fv‡jvevmv †c‡j wkï †Kgb nq? i) KZ©e¨ civqY ii) KvÐÁvbnxb iii) mybvMwiK wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK K) i I ii L) ii I iii M) i I iii N) i, ii I iii